HSEB 12 The Heritage of Words

Note:

This is just the supplementary material for the students

but

can’t be the whole

Grandmother

            Ray young Bear is a great personality in the field of English literature. The poet has given many contributions in the field of English literature by composing many poems. The poet is also known as a person of having undue mind of composing poems. With the help of this poem the poet has given a message that old are loving, kind and source of inspiration.

The poet has used 4 sense verbs to describe his grandmother. If he saw her from a mile away, he would know her because she was always wearing purple scarf and carrying plastic shopping bag. If he felt her hands, he would know her because they were warm and with the smelling roots. If he heard her voice coming from a rock, he would know it was her voice because these words are flowing into her body. They are still fresh in his mind. Lastly, he compares her with sleeping fire because she had always been giving useful information to him up to the end of her life.

Through this poem, the poet has also tried to reflect the poor socio-economic and miserable condition of Mesquaki Tribal people.

Some questions

1.      What are the four things that Ray Young Bear remembers about his grandmother?

      The four things that Ray Young Bear remembers about his grandmother are purple scarf, plastic shopping bag, her hands and her voice.

2.      What is the main idea of the poem Grandmother by Ray Young Bear?

      The main idea of the poem grandmother is that love and kindness never dies. Although the poet’s grandmother is no longer in this world, she has become a source of inspiration for the poet. He says she is all-loving, all inspiring.

3.      What are the images used in the poem ‘Grandmother’ and to what senses do these images appeal?

      In this poem, the poet has used various images such as ‘her shape’, ‘purple scarf’, ‘the light’ etc, appealing the sense of sight, ‘warm and damp’ to the sense of feeling, ‘the smell of roots’ to the sense of smelling and ‘voice and her words’ to the sense of hearing.

The Lamentation of the Old Pensioner

W. B. Yeast

W. B. Yeast is a great personality in the field of English literature. The poet has given many contributions in the field of English literature by composing many poems. The poet is also known as a person of having undug mind of composing poems. With the help of this poem the poet has given a message that time is a great thing that makes change in everything.

Man has made many things to pass their life. Because of it they are able to control over many things but they haven’t been able to control over time. Here, in the poem the changes that the time has brought are presented. It is a comparison between youth and old.

When the poet was young, he was powerful, valuable, and handsome. Everybody used to love him. He had many friends and girlfriends to talk about love and politics. In short his past days were full with joy and happiness. But today he is old. Now he is powerless, ugly and nobody loves him. He has neither friends nor girlfriends to talk with. He feels boring to spend his old days. He has lost everything except the old memory of his youth days. So, he compares old age with a broken tree.

Now he is very angry with the time because it has grabbed his golden youth days from his hands and changed him into old, lonely, powerless and hatred old age. So, he wants to spit into the face of time.

Some questions

1.      Why does the poet want to spit into the face of time? 2058

      The poet want to spit into the face of time because it has grabbed his golden youth days from his hands and changed him into old, lonely, powerless and hatred old age.

2.      How and why does the old pensioner lament?

      The old pensioner laments by remembering his golden youth days and spitting into the face of time because it has transfigured his joyous, powerful and valuable youth into miserable, powerless, ugly and valueless old age.

3.      Mention the three things the old man laments about. Why is he sad about them?

      The three things the old man laments about are his lost power, youth and beauties. He is sad about them because time has changed him completely to enjoy the things of youth.

4.      What is the speaker lamenting on?

      The speaker is an old man. The time has grabbed his golden youth and changed into old. He has lost his power, youth and beauties. His present life is painful and difficult to him.  So the speaker is lamenting on his old age.

5.      Write an essay on youth and age.

v  Human life begins from womb and ends in tomb. But before reaching the tomb we have to pass different stages. The two major stages in man’s life are youth and age.

Youth is a golden part of life. When a man becomes young he looks handsome, attractive, ambitious etc. But when man becomes old he loses the charm of life and feels lonely, tired, neglected, powerless, aimless etc. W. B. Yeats defines the old age as ‘A Broken Tree’. The old man has nothing to do in his life so he remembers his past days. The memory of his past days/life makes his present life more painful and unbearable. Life is pleasant gift of nature. The old man loses everything he has had. So, everyone wants to live a long life but no one does want to be old.

Full Fathom Five thy Father Lies

                                                                                     William Shakespeare

William Shakespeare is a great personality in the field of English literature. The poet has given many contributions in the field of English literature by composing many poems. The poet is also known as a person of having undue mind of composing poems. With the help of this poem the poet has given a message that death is the great change.

This is a poetic play titled “the tempest”.  This poem expresses the value of death. In the poem the prince of Naples is crying on seashore. He thinks that his father’s dead body is under the sea. A nymph named Ariel sings this poem to remind him. She says that his father’s dead body is 30 feet below the sea. His body hasn’t gone waste. His bones are changed into coral, eyes into pearls and other organs are changed into something valuable. The sea nymphs are ringing the death bell hourly to glorify his death. So, his death is not an ordinary but a heroic and meaningful.

Questions:

1.      Is death meaningful in this poem?

      Yes, the death is meaningful because every part of the dead body are changed into something valuable and strange. The bones are changed into coral, eyes into pearls and other organs into something valuable. The sea nymphs are ringing the death bell hourly.

2.      Write an essay on life and art.

      Life is a pleasant gift of nature and art is the imitation and presentation of the life in an artistic way. Art doesn’t only mean painting or drawing but it also represents our daily activities like talking, walking, singing, laughing, acting different roles, composing music, creating different literary works etc.

Art without life is impossible and life without art is meaningless. So, they are closely related to each other. Life is a mixture of tear and laugh and art helps to make our life meaningful, joyous and successful. Art helps to immortalizes both creature and creation. Besides, it represents the life of contemporary society and situation.

In short, we can conclude that life and art are complimentary to each other. The existence of one without other is worthless/valueless.

Travelling Through the Dark

                                                                                            William Stafford

William Stafford is a great personality in the field of English literature. The poet has given great contribution in the field of English literature by composing many poems. The poet is also known as a person of having undug mind of composing poems. With the help of this poem the poet has given a message that decision should be quick and as the situation.

The poet presented a great tension between two realities, two system of life. There is always conflict between emotions and realities while making decision. He has given full justice to both sides of conflict. When the poet was travelling through the Wilson river road, he saw a dead doe lying at the side of the road. Thinking to push her into the river he stopped the car and came out. He examined the dead doe and found that she was pregnant and had recently been killed. The belly of the dead doe was large and fawn inside was alive but never to be born. He felt pity on the fate of the fawn but he was also unable to do anything. He was in dilemma and couldn’t decide what to do and what not to do. The parking lights and the engine of the car were on. As the night was growing older he heard wild noises. After thinking seriously he decided to push her into the river thinking that it couldn’t take birth. So, this is an ironical poem to nature lovers who are destroying the nature, exploiting animal’s right, killing and showing pity to them.

Questions

1.      What is the central idea of the poem “Travelling through the Dark”?

      The central idea of the poem is that men are exploiting animal’s right by killing innocent animals and destroying the nature by bringing machine in it. This is an ironical poem to nature lovers who are destroying killing animals and showing pity to them.

2.      What is the tone of the poem travelling through the dark?

      The tone of the poem is ironical because so called nature lovers are killing innocent animals and destroying their shelter with smoke and noise.

3.      Show how the action develops stanza by stanza in the poem ”Travelling Through the Dark”

      In the first stanza the poet finds a dead doe on the edge of the Wilson river road. In the second and third stanzas he examines her and finds alive fawn inside her belly but never to be born. In the fourth stanza he describes the environment of the place and in the last stanza and pushes her into the Wilson river.

4.      Do you agree with what the narrator did? Why?

      Yes, I agree with what the narrator did. Because he had two responsibilities: to save the fawn and to clean the environment. To save the fawn was above his power. So, he fulfilled his responsibility by pushing her into the river and cleaning the environment.

5.      What does the traveler feel when he touches a dead doe?

      When he touches the dead doe, he feels that it is recently killed pregnant doe with alive fawn inside her belly. Her body is already stiff and almost cold. He also feels pity about the fawn never to be born.

God’s Grandeur

G. M. Hopkins

1.      Write a summary of the poem “God’s Grandeur”. Or

      Write the central idea/theme of the poem “God’s Grandeur”.

God’s Grandeur is a famous poem/sonnet composed by an English poet G. M. Hopkins. In this poem he praises the magnificence and glory of god in the world. The world is creation of the god and the god is found everywhere but still men are unaware of god’s greatness. They have become selfish and materialistic. They don’t believe in god. Men are busy in their own trade and destroying the beauty of the nature but it is never emptied. It renews in every spring because the god broods over the world to protect us. So, the poet stresses that we shouldn’t forget the glory of the god because he is the creature and protector of the world.

2.      Give reason why men are unaware of the greatness of the god?

      Men are unaware of the greatness of the god because they have become selfish and materialistic. They are busy on their own trade and they haven’t realized the importance and value of god and god’s anger/punishment.

The Tell- Tale Heart

                                                                                   Edgar Allan Poe

Edgar Allan Poe's story 'the tell tale heart' is a psychological story. The boy and the old man are the main characters of this story. The boy is also the narrator of this story. Through this story the writer wants to give a message that crime never hides and we are always responsible for it. The story develops in this way:

The boy lives with the old man in his house. His sense of hearing is sharp. According him, the old man has the eyes of vulture. Whenever he sees his eyes he becomes irritated, afraid and horrified. So, he decides to kill him and destroy his eyes. He tries every night and on the eighth night he kills the old man, cuts him into pieces and hides under the wooden floor. But he forgets to remove the watch from the old man's wrist. Three polices come for the investigation. The boy tells them the old man is out now and he is alone in the house. They can't find any symbol of crime. He sits on a seat over the old man's corpse and police sits around him and talk. He listens the sound made by the watch of the old man but as a mentally sick person he thinks the sound as the old man's heart beating. He tries to kill the sound by speaking loudly and moving the chair here and there but he can't. He sees the police officers laughing and talking. So, he thinks that they know everything and at last he confesses his crime without any compulsion.

Questions

1.      Do you think the boy is mad? Give reasons.

      Yes, I think the boy is mad. Because he;

- kills an innocent old man without any reasons,

- can't think that dead man's heart never beats,

- confess his crime without any compulsion.

2.  What made the narrator to confess his crime?

      The sound of the watch, his nervous disease and the police officers laugh made him to confess his crime.

3.      Why did the boy kill the old man?

      The boy didn't like the old man's vulture eyes. So, he killed him to get rid of the eyes.

4.      Justify the title ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’.

      The literal meaning of the phrase ‘the tell tale heart’ is the heart that discloses the secret. In this story also the narrator confessed his crime at last. So the title seems to be appropriate.

5.      Sketch the character of the boy. {Long}

v  The boy is the narrator and main character of the story ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’ by Edgar Allen Poe. He says that he is not a mad but in fact he is victim of mental sickness. His sense of hearing is acute. He lives in an old man’s house. He likes him but he doesn’t like his eyes. So he kills the innocent old man without any reasons. He seems clever and wise because he hides the corpse under the wooden floor and leaves no symbol of crime. He talks wisely with police officers and lies them to hide the crime. Being mentally disordered he can’t distinguish the sound of heart beat and of watch and at last he confesses his crime to the police officers.

The Last Voyage of the Ghost Ship

                                                                                                 G.G. Marquez

           The story ‘The Last Voyage of the Ghost Ship’ by G.G. Marquez is a presentation of stream of consciousness technique. This story describes the growth of an ordinary boy to an assertive young man. Generally children are not listened in our society even if they speak truth. This condition is also presented in this story.

           One day, at the night of March, an ordinary boy saw a very big ship moving towards the village. It didn’t have any lights and it didn’t make any sounds. Because of no lights, it couldn’t find the correct path. It hit the rock, broke and sank into the sea without any noises. The next day the boy didn’t see anything so he thought it was a dream.

            Exactly one year later he again saw the ship. This time he told about it to his mother but she didn’t believe him. She promised to see the ship next year but unfortunately she died sitting on a new chair on that night. Other four women also died sitting on the same chair. So, the villagers threw it into the river.

           Now the boy became helpless and started to steal food for living. He was in the process of growing up. Few years later, he again saw the ship and called the villagers to see it but it had already broken and sank into the sea before they arrived there. They couldn’t see anything. So, they beat him thinking as lire. Next year he planned to prove himself as not lire by showing the ship to the villagers. So, he stole a boat and took it where he had seen the ship in previous years. When the ship arrived there, he lit a light and the ship began to follow the boat to the village. It also produced loud noise. All the villagers came and saw the ship and they believed the boy.

Questions

1.      Describe the Ghost Ship.

      The Ghost Ship was very big. It was 20 times taller than the steeple of the church and 97 times longer than the village. It didn’t have any lights and it didn’t make any noises. It used to appear in the march at night.

2.      Why did the boy have to prove who he was?

      The boy had to prove who he was because the villagers didn’t believe him when he told about the existence of the ghost ship. Moreover, he wanted to win the belief of the villagers.

3.      What does the refrain of the boy” Now they are going to see who I am” mean?

      It means that he wanted to prove the existence of the large ghost ship to the people who didn’t believe him and prove himself not as lire but as a young assertive man.

4.      Why did the people hate him?

      People hated him because he was orphan, support less and a son of the widow who had brought the evil chair in the village. Moreover he was also the lire in the eyes of people \ villagers.

5.      Why does no one else know of the ship’s existence?

      No one else knows of the ship’s existence because it’s only the imagination of the boy but not a real ship.

6.      What made the boy strong and courageous?

      Isolation, anger, patience and time made the boy strong and courageous.

7.      Narrate the story of a boy’s growth from an ordinary boy to an assertive young man.

v  When the narrator was a small boy, he saw a very big ship for the first time. As he was a small boy he was immature and he didn’t believe himself. When he saw the ship second time after a year he believed himself and told his mother about the ship. She didn’t believe him and promised to see the ship next year with him but she died sitting in an evil chair before the time came. Few years later, he saw the ship third time and told it to the villagers but they didn’t believe and beat him for lying them. They also hated him.

The boy was in the process of growing up. One night in March he took a boat to the place where he had seen the ship in the past years. When the ship arrived there the boy lit a lamp on his boat. The ship followed him and he led the ship on the ground by the village. Everybody in the village saw the ship and believed him. In this way he proved himself as an assertive young man from an ordinary boy. It took time, energy, strong determination and patience for him to be an assertive man.

I have a Dream

                                                                                Martin Luther King

This essay is a political speech made by Martin Luther King. The purpose of his speech is to avoid racial discrimination between whites and blacks and to provide freedom, justice and equality to all as promised in American constitution. He says the constitution of the America promises equal rights and freedom to all men. But Negroes aren’t free and don’t have equal rights as the whites.

The condition of the black is still miserable. They are not given any opportunities, freedom and equality. They are living life of second class people within the same country. King says the Negroes are asking for freedom and equal rights but they must ask without using violence {peacefully}.

He says he has a dream that one day the Negroes will be free and will have equality. People won’t be judged by the color of their skin but by actions, characters etc. He hopes that one day, all people will be able to join hands and sing that we are free.

Questions

1.      What is the apparent purpose of Martin Luther King’s speech?

      The apparent purpose of his speech is to avoid racial discrimination between whites and blacks and to provide freedom, justice and equality to all as promised in American constitution

2.      What is the condition of black in America as mentioned by Martin Luther King in his speech?

      The condition of the black is still miserable. They are not given any opportunities, freedom and equality. They are living life of second class people within the same country.

3.      What is the dream of Martin Luther King’s speech?

      He has a dream that one day the Negroes will be free and will have equality. People won’t be judged by the color of their skin but by actions, characters etc. He hopes that one day, all people will be able to join hands and sing that we are free.

4.      What is the historical significance of Martin Luther King’s speech?

      It has a great historical significance. During the time there was color discrimination. He made his speech to bring the whites and blacks into racial harmony. After his speech the black became free and got freedom.

About Love

                                                                                              Anton Chekhov

It is a story of Anton Chekhov. The writer has expressed three kinds of love affairs from the mouth of narrator. Alyohin, the narrator of this story is an unsuccessful lover. So he defines love as hindrance, source of dissatisfaction and irritation. This story also says that love is different in every situation and It is not bounded by marital relation, color, cast, age, prestige, physical relation.

At first he tells a love affair between two servants Nikanor and Pelegeya. Pelegeya was a beautiful young girl. Nikanor was not handsome. He used to drink wine and beat her. He was religious and wanted to marry her but she didn’t like to marry him. She wanted to live with him just so. Such affair can’t be accepted by our society and culture. This is a violent love affair.

Then he tells his own love affairs. When he was a student, he fell in love with a university girl. She only loved his property but not him. He lost much money. His father used to spend his money by taking debts. This is property/money attraction love affair.

When he completed his study he had to pay the debts. So he went to the village {Sofyino} and started farming. Sometimes later he was elected as a judge. He made many friends in town and Luganovich was one. Once, Luganovich invited Alyohin to his house for dinner. He met Anna Alexevna, Luganovich’s wife. She was very beautiful, kind, and had sweet voice and polite behavior. Unknowingly Alyohin and Anna feel in love with each other. They couldn’t express their love because of the fatal result of the society and their future. Because of the unexpressed love Anna suffered from mental sickness. She had to go Crimea for treatment. At last he met her in the train. They kissed each other and expressed their love. Then they separated forever. This is spiritual but unexpressed love affair.

Questions

1.      How does Alyohin define love?

      Alyohin is the narrator and the main character of the story. He defines love as hindrance, source of dissatisfaction and irritation.

2.      What kinds of love experiences are suggested by Alyohin in ‘About Love’?

      Three kinds of love experiences are suggested by Alyohin in ‘About Love’. The first is violent love affair between Nikanor and Pelegeya. The second is property attraction love affair between Alyohin and a university girl. The third is spiritual but unexpressed love between Alyohin himself and a university girl.

3.      Why couldn’t Alyohin and Anna express their love to each other?

      They couldn’t express their love to each other because of the fatal result of the society and their future. Their love affair may destroy the life of Anna, her family and Alyohin.

4.      What is the effect of unexpressed love in Anna Alexevna?

      Because of the unexpressed love, Anna Alexevna suffered from mental sickness. Her behavior changed. At last she had to go Crimea for treatment.

Hansel and Gretel

                                                                             Jacob and Wilhelm Grimn

Hansel and Gretel is a fairy tale written by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimn. Through this story they want to give a message that autocracy and cruelty will not remain anymore.                                                   

Hansel and Gretel used to live with their father and stepmother. Their father was woodcutter and they were very poor. Once there was a famine in the village and the family had no food to eat. The stepmother was cruel to the children. So, she forced her husband to leave the children into the forest. The father didn’t agree first, but finally she persuaded him. The children heard their parents’ Planning and Hansel (the brother) went out filled hid pockets with shining pebbles in the moonlight. Early next morning, they took the children into the forest. On the way, Hansel kept on dropping shining pebbles one by one. When they reached to the forest, their parents made a fire and asked them to wait until they returned there. But they didn’t return. When the moon shone, they came back home following the shining pebbles. The father became happy but the mother become angry.

Sometime later they had no food again. This time also the parents took them into the forest again. This time Hansel didn’t have shining pebbles. So he dropped small pieces of bread on the way. However, birds ate the pieces of bread so they couldn’t find their way to the home. They walked on and on and lost in the forest. On the third day they followed a white bird and reached to the house made of bread, cake and sugar. When they began to eat it, an old woman came out of the house and took them in. she gave them good food to eat and nice bed to sleep.

The woman was witch was only pretending to be so kind. In fact she was a wicked witch who wanted to eat and kill them. In the next morning she locked Hansel in a shed and ordered Gretel to do house work and feed Gretel until he gets fat. One day the witch asked the Gretel to go into the oven to see if it was heated or not. But the clever Gretel understood her trick and asked the witch to show how to do it. Then, when she put her head into the hot oven, Gretel pushed her into the fire and killed her. In this way, she freed her brother and both of them returned home with a lot of jewels. Their stepmother had already died. Afterwards, they lived happily with their own forever.

Questions

1.      Why was the father not quite willing to accept his wife’s proposal to leave the children in the forest?

      The father was not quite willing to accept his wife’s proposal to leave the children in the forest because he loved them very much. But his cruel wife persuaded him to accept the proposal.

2.      Why did the parents plan to leave Hansel and Gretel in the forest?

      The parents planned to leave Hansel and Gretel in the forest because of the shortage of food. The father was a poor woodcutter who was unable to earn the bread to his family at the time of famine.

3.      What did the son Hansel do in the first night after hearing his parents’ plan to leave them in the forest?

      He gave sympathy to his sister Gretel. Then he went out and filled his pocket with shining pebbles in the moonlight. Then he came into the house.

4.      How did the pebbles help them to return their parent’s home?

      In the moonlight the pebbles glittered like silver pieces and they returned to their parents’ home following the pebbles which Hansel had dropped earlier on the way to forest.

5.      How did Hansel and Gretel reach to witch’s house?

      Hansel and Gretel reached to witch’s house by following a white bird.

6.      Who was the old woman and what was her intention to entice (allure) the children?

      The old woman was a wicked witch and her intention to entice the children was to kill and eat them.

7.      How did Hansel and Gretel free themselves from the witch? {important}

      The witch asked the Gretel to go into the oven to see if the oven was heated or not. But the clever Gretel understood her trick and asked her to show how to do it. Then, when she put her head into the hot oven, Gretel pushed her into the fire and killed her. In this way they freed themselves from the witch. Or

      The clever Gretel killed the witch with a trick by pushing her into the hot oven and they freed themselves from the witch.

8.      What did the children bring to their house from the witch’s house?

      They brought a lot of jewels and pearls to their house from the witch’s house.

9.      What do the bird and the expanse of water symbolize in the fairy tale “Hansel and Gretel”?

      The bird and the expanse of water both symbolize hardship in the fairy tale “Hansel and Gretel”. 0r

·         The bird symbolizes the spirit of bad evil which takes\ leads Hansel and Gretel to the witch’s house but another bird (dove) symbolizes the angle of god which helps them to cross the pond at the time of difficulty. On the other hand the expanse of water symbolizes the crossing of painful life and starting of happy life.

Hurried Trip to Avoid a Bad Star

Lilla and Barry

This essay is a travel experience done by two American geographers in Karnali zone. They spent 15 months visiting the rural part of Karnali. While they were there they have studied lifestyle of the people. They have pointed out the problems and have given suggestions to solve them.

Karnali is hinder land of Nepal. Most of the people of Karnali are poor. They are uneducated, conservative and traditional minded. Their lifestyle is challenging and miserable. Because of geographical condition, it is far behind in development, transportation, schools, hospitals and other modern facilities. The land is not productive. They depend on south lowland for food, job, education and other business. Their trade is linked with hand to mouth service. They bring medical herbs, hashish, hand-knit sweaters, blankets, silajit etc. in the Nepalgunj and sell them going door to door. With the money they buy necessary goods like rice, oil, spices clothes, iron, gold etc. They are unaware about the environment and future generations. They don’t know the effect of deforestation like floods, landslides, etc. So they are clearing the forests to feet their animals and other purposes.

To improve the condition of Karnali people, many kinds of facilities like education, communication, transportation, health and job opportunities should be provided to them.

Questions

1.      How is Karnali linked economically with the low land region to the south, Nepalgunj?

      The Karnali is linked economically with the low land region to the south, Nepalgunj. The people of Karnali sell medical herbs, hashish, hand-knit sweaters, blankets, silajit etc. in the Nepalgunj. With the money they buy necessary goods like rice, oil, spices clothes, iron, gold etc. They also go there for job, education etc.

2.      What does the skeleton looking SAL trees indicate about the exploitation of nature?

      It indicates that they are unaware about the environment and future generations. They don’t know the effects of deforestation like floods, landslides, acid rain etc.

Two Long-Term Problems

                                                                                                      Moti Nissani

This essay describes about two burning problems of the world: over population and deforestation.  These two problems are linked to each other. The scientists of the world are worried about them.

The population of the world is growing very rapidly. People are living longer and more children are being born because of medical science. Child marriage, multi marriage and socio-cultural values are also responsible for it. The growing population is clearing the forests for farmland, timbers and other purposes. The world’s resources are being used up. The environment has been polluted. Many types of plants and animals are disappearing. The world’s climate is getting worse. Many kinds of diseases are appearing. This has created a great problem for all human beings.

To control over-growing population, education- especially for women about how to avoid more babies must be given. Besides this, we should motivate them for family planning. They should be given chance of employment. If we control over population and make strict law against deforestation, the forests as well as the whole environment will be automatically saved.

Over  population.

The increasing number of population is called over population. As the size of population is increasing so the area of land is decreasing. People use many resources to fulfill their needs. In some countries there is a system of child marriage, multi marriage which causes over population. Because of being uneducated, they follow old cultures, traditions and have many children.

Because of this it may create many problems. The condition of people will be even worse. Towns and cities become crowed and polluted. It may cause increasing criminal activities. The scarcity of food and increased number of diseases cause loss of life. To solve the problems created by over population:

1. Education on family life should be given to young people.

2. We should raise awareness on the effect of over ‘population.

3. People should be given a chance of employment.

4. Programme of family planning to be made easy to get.

5. Strict law must be made against child and multi marriage.

Deforestation,

The rate of decreasing trees is called deforestation. To fulfill the needs of growing population many resources are being used up every day. For the shelter, farmland, herbs and timbers forests are being cleared. Some developmental activities have been carried out this also cause deforestation.

People are facing many problems of it. It has caused landslide, flood, and misbalance of water cycle. The temperature is increasing which causes acid rain and melting of ice zone. We may not get plenty of oxygen. Islands will be immersed if the sea level is increased.

We should follow these ideas to control it.

1. We should raise awareness on the important of forest.

2. People should be employed in any sector.

3. They should be given education.

4. Government should make stick law against deforestation..

5. Alternative source of energy to be used.

6. Concept of community forest should be brought in practice.

The children who wait           

Marsha Traugot

The essay ‘The Children Who Wait’ is written by Marsha Traugot. This essay describes what is happening to the children in the United States who do not have parents. These children need to be adopted by other families. In the past only healthy, white and baby below five years were adopted for American childless white couples. But now the scene has been changed. The white couples have started to adopt black, handicapped, sick, disabled and children above five years like Tammy.                                                                                                                   

The responsible factors for changes are black civil right movements, birth control, change in social values, economic crises, right to abortion etc. Due to above factor it was very difficult to find healthy white children. Therefore, the American childless couples want to adopt any kind of children these days.

When it is not easy for the government to find people who want to adopt a particular child, they put advertisements about the child on television and in newspapers. These advertisements help a child to find a new home.

Questions

1.      What does the government do if it cannot find a home for a child?

      If the government cannot find a home for a child it put advertisements about the child on television and in newspapers. These advertisements help a child to find a new home.

2.      Who does Marsha Traugot refer to as the children who wait?

      The children who wait refer to those parentless and homeless children waiting to be adopted by others.

3.      What kinds of parents are considered better to adopt the children?

      Generally, single parent or couples having no child are considered better to adopt the children.

4.      According to Traugot’s essay ‘The Children Who Wait’ what changes are transferring in the American adoption scene? What are the factors responsible for the change?

      In the past only healthy, white and baby below five years were adopted for American childless white couples. But now the scene has been changed. The white couples have started to adopt black, handicapped, sick, disabled and children above five years like Tammy. The factors responsible for change are black civil right movements, birth control, change in social values, economic crises, right to abortion etc. Due to above factor it was very difficult to find healthy white children. Therefore, the American childless couples want to adopt any kind of children these days.

Purgatory

W.B. Yeats

Purgatory is a drama based on the theme that we are always punished for our sins. If a man does immoral things or sins while he is alive he suffers a lot in purgatory. It is a place into which the soul passes after the death to be cleansed of pardonable sins before going to heaven. In the drama, the old man mother’s soul is suffering in purgatory. He is trying to make it free from the purgatory. The scene of the drama is that there are two characters; an old man and his son standing in front of the burnt house.

The old man tells his son about the destruction of the house and his family. The old man says that his father was a groom in a stable. He married the daughter of his master but the girl’s parents were against the relation. After the marriage he started to spend the money of her wife on wine, woman and cards. She died after giving a birth of son. The same son is telling a story to his son. Every year he sees the soul of his mother weeping on windows. He thinks that his father is the cause of it. One day his father drank a lot and burnt the house. So he killed his father with a knife and threw into the fire. He was 16 then. Now his son is also 16. He blames his father for not caring him properly. Then he grabs the old man’s bag of money and threatens him to kill if he doesn’t give him the share. The old man doesn’t want to give the money to his son. The old man feels that the son will kill him and the circle of killing will continue in his family. So to stop the circle of violence {killing}, he kills his own son. He still sees the soul of her mother and praises the god to release her soul from the heaven.

 Questions

1.      Why did the old man kill his own son? 

      The old man killed his own son to stop the circle of violence {killing} which passes from generation to generation. Moreover he didn’t want to give any property to his son but the son demanded his share.

2.      What is purgatory?

      It is a place into which the soul passes after the death to be cleansed of pardonable sins before going to heaven.

3.      Why did the old man kill his own father?

      The old man killed his own father because his father lost all the property of his mother on women, wine and cards. He didn’t care his son properly and also burnt his house.

4.      Do you think Yeats believed in life after death?

      Yes, in my opinion Yeats believed in life after death. There are some proofs. Firstly the title of the drama ‘Purgatory’ suggests that death is not the end; the soul never dies. Secondary, he has talked about the spirits of the dead father and mother visiting the house. Thirdly, he has talked about sins. Lastly, he has prayed to the god for the purification of her mother’s soul from the purgatory.

Women Business

Ilene Kantrov

In this essay the writer has introduced some successful business women from USA. She says that women can do as well as males if they are experienced, and get equal opportunities as the men. She has written about Lydia E Pinkham and some other business women who have become successful in business.

Lydia Pinkham: In 1879 she invented and sold an herbal medicine called vegetable compound. She advertised it and promised that it could cure women’s problems like infertility, hysteria, nervousness, falling of worm etc. She also advised women on diet, exercise and hygiene. Moreover she supported on women rights, temperance (to save from alcohol), and economic changes. She earned a lot of money and name from the business. She first began to sell her products to support her family economically after the collapse of her husband’s real estate business. Later on many women followed her footsteps and became successful. They started the business of cosmetics, hotel and so on. Women’s business was only for women. According to the essayist men’s business were only for profit but women’s business were for both profit and social service.

Questions

1.      Why did Lydia Pinkham first began to sell her products?

      She first began to sell her products to support her family economically after the collapse of her husband’s real estate business.

2.      What is the main idea/theme of the essay Women Business?                                                                                                  

      The main idea/theme of the essay Women Business is that women can do as well as men if they are experienced, and get equal opportunities as the men. To prove this she has written about Lydia E Pinkham and some other business women who have become successful in business.

3.      Write an essay on ‘The changing status of woman in Nepal. Or Write an essay on ‘Position of Women in Your Society’.

v  It is said that men and women are the two wheels of a cart. In the absence of one, the existence of another is not possible. Both have vital role for the development of any society. They should share equal rights and freedom. But it is limited only in saying but not in practice.

Our society is traditional and male dominated one. Women are not treated well. They are not given good education, freedom, equality and other many opportunities. Women in our society are limited within the four walls of the house and kitchen sinking business. They are simply taken as an object of sexual entertainment and child bearing machine but not as human beings.

But, Nepalese society has been changing slowly. Some of the women have taken part in constitutional assembly and other places too. They have started to come out the four walls demanding the equality, freedom and various opportunities for them. As a whole, the position of women in our society is developing gradually.

A story

Dylan Thomas          

      A small boy, who lives with his uncle and aunt, is the story teller. In this story he describes his uncle, aunt, uncle’s friends and the outing. His uncle is very big, fat, and dirty. He often drops food while eating. He is very loud and has red hair. He likes playing cards, drinking wine and going outing with friends. But his aunt is small, slim and quiet. She likes to keep house neat and clean. She hates drinking and going outing. They have good relation because she loves cares and feeds her husband and he also loves her. But at the time of outing she quarrels with her husband to stop it but she can’t. So, she goes to her mother’s house. Outing is their annual programme and she always goes to her mother’s house at the time of outing.

The friends of his uncle are not less than his uncle. They also like playing cards, drinking much and going outing. Last year Mr. Bob misused the money for outing. This year Mr. Franklyn is keeping the money for outing. So, Will Sentry is following him everywhere to make sure that he won’t misuse the money for this year outing.

They start their journey to Porthcawl in the morning. The boy also joins the outing because there was no one in house to look after him. They stop their bus to every public house and drink too much alcohol. The boy has to stay out because children are not allowed in public house. They also enjoy swimming in a river near the Porthcawl. In the evening they cook food with a kerosene stove in a field, sit in circle and eat. At last they return home at late midnight without reaching to the destination point.

1.      What is the reason for which Will Sentry always followed Mr. Franklyn?

      Last year Mr. Bob misused the money for outing. This year Mr. Franklyn is keeping the money for outing. So, Will Sentry is following him everywhere to make sure that he won’t misuse the money for this year outing.

The Boarding House

James Joyce

            Mrs. Mooney is the vital character of the story ‘The Boarding House’ by James Joyce. She was the daughter of butcher. She married with her father’s foreman (worker). After the death of her father her husband drank wine and spent a lot of property. One day he tried to kill her with a knife. Then she divorced him and started to live separately with children. She also sold the butcher shop and started the boarding house in Hardwicke Street. Many tourists, Musicians, officers, artists would come to stay there. Her son Jack was a clerk in an office and her daughter used to work in the boarding house. Her daughter Polly was a beautiful girl of 19 with slim body, long hair, grey eyes and small full mouth. Polly had love affair with Mr. Doran, who was a resident of the boarding house and an office holder. Mrs. Mooney was watching it very carefully. One day she asked Polly about their relation and she told everything honestly. Mr. Doran didn’t want to marry her because she was uneducated girl, who didn’t know English, and the daughter of stupid, drunkard father. One day Mrs. Mooney called Mr. Doran and said him to compensate his mistake by marrying Polly. He didn’t want to lose his prestige and job so he agreed to marry Polly. It seems that she was very wise woman and responsible mother, who was able to give the bright future of the conjugal life to her daughter.  

1.      Why didn’t Mr. Doran want to marry Polly Mooney?

      Mr. Doran didn’t want to marry her because she was uneducated girl, who didn’t know English, and the daughter of stupid, drunkard father.

A Child is Born

Germaine Greer

This essay ‘A Child is Born’ is written by Germaine Greer. In this essay she shows many differences between tradition and modern societies in terms of pregnancy, childbirth, childbirth and position of women.

            In traditional society pregnant woman is helped by the whole family. She feels free from mental burden. She gives birth to a child at home. Children and mother mortality rate is high due to lack of modern technology. There is the celebration after the child born. The whole family looks after the child. Woman gives birth to the child under the pressure of family, even she is not interested.

            There is no identity of women in traditional society. Before the marriage, she is called the daughter of someone. After marriage, she is called wife of someone. When she gives birth to a child, she is called by the name of the child. Moreover, woman is given her husband’s surname.

            In modern society pregnant woman is not helped by the whole family. Only her husband helps her. She visits hospitals and follows the doctor’s advice. She gives birth to a child in hospital. Children and mother mortality rate is low due to the availability of modern technology. There is no celebration after the child birth. Only parents look after the child. Woman gives birth to the child as her wish only.

Write a police description of the person you have chosen.

Here is a description of a person who has escaped from the prison this morning. The man is in his late twenties. He is slightly built and about five feet six inches tall. He has got short black hair, big eyebrows, long pointed nose and round face with wheat brown completion. His eyes are black and there is a small mole on his right check. He is well dressed in black T-Shirt and white jeans. Anyone who sees him is requested to notify the police immediately.

Write 120 -180 words on jealousy.

Jealousy means to be jealous, unhappy or angry at the success of others. It is a kind of human feeling. Those people who become jealous at the success, prosperity, fortune etc. of others wish that the success would be their own.  It is the nature of human beings since they want to be more successful than others.

There are both advantages and disadvantages of jealousy. Because of this, people work hard to become successful than others. Modern development of science and technology has become possible because of the jealousy and dissatisfaction of human beings. However, there are many disadvantages of it. Being jealous to others success, people involves in crimes, sins, and other bad and immoral activities. Instead of working hard they don’t hesitate to pull down the successful one. Jealousy makes people selfish, cruel and unsocial. So, we should have positive jealous to others and work hard to become success in life.

Write an essay on “Habits”.

Habits are the regular activities of people. If we do some activities regularly for sometimes, we become habituated. Many people have different kinds of habits. Some people have good habits of working hard, reading books and newspapers, helping others on the other hands some people have bad habits of smoking, drinking, gambling etc.

Habits are not inborn qualities. We form habits in different stages of our life. We imitate many activities of our parents, seniors, relatives, friends and those activities become our habits. Once we form habits, they are very difficult to break. Thus, if we once form bad habits like smoking, drinking, taking drugs etc, they are not easy to improve.  So, we should be conscious while making friends and the bad results of such habits. Childhood is the most important and critical stage to form habits so the related authorities should pay more attention to them.

Bad habits are the sign of failure and good habits are the sign of success. So, we should always imitate good habits and try to avoid bad habits.

Write a paragraph telling either your own or the other person’s success story.

            Success neither comes riding horse nor by ringing bell. It is the result of hard work. All people in the world aren’t successful. Only those who overcome the troubles keeping them under feet get success in life. I’ve a friend, whose name is Sadhunath Devkota. He has become successful in many ways. He was born in the remote part of Syangja district. Because of his hard work, he passed S.L.C. with good marks. Then he joined P.N. campus, Pokhora and completed I.Com. And B.B.S. from the beginning of his college life, he took part in many games and never secured second position. Moreover, he has kept National record in five kilometers running tournament and selected as a national player of running. Now, he is also a national football player of Nepal. Therefore, one should be laborious and determined to become a successful person in life. {146 words}

Write advantages and disadvantages of having television.

Television is an audio-visual electronic device mainly for communication and entertainment. It has both advantages and disadvantages.

The main advantage of having television is that we can hear and see important current events/news of the world sitting in a small room. It widens our minds since it is the source of knowledge and information. We can learn the culture custom, tradition and religion of the world. It provides entertainment through different programmes and helps to advertise different products.

It has many disadvantages too. People kill their valuable time watching television all the time. Students forget to read books. People imitate bad cultures, fashions etc from it. Sometimes it helps to spread crime, violence horror and pornography. We have to pay large bill for it and electricity. It also badly affects our eye sight.

Write advantages and disadvantages of having telephone.                  

Telephone is the modern device used for talking with the people who are far in distance. It has many advantages & disadvantages too.       

Advantages: It makes us easier to talk with any people of the world by Sitting in our small room. We can save our valuable time with the help of telephone. The most important advantage of telephone is that it is very much useful at the time of emergency like an accident, robbery, fire and so on. It is the great help for the busy people like businessmen, politicians, doctors etc.

Disadvantages: We have to pay large bill for it. We are frequently disturbed by bluff calls and miss calls. Now a days, the rate of crime is increasing with the help of telephone. Sometimes the ringing tone of the mobile badly affects the teaching learning environment of the classroom.

Write advantages and disadvantages of going to study abroad.   

Going to foreign countries is called going abroad. When we go to abroad to study, we have some advantages. We can get better education because of the advanced technology and education system. There will be better job opportunities as well if we study abroad. We can share our knowledge, experiences, cultures, languages, religions and life styles with foreigners. It broadens our minds.  

There are also some disadvantages of going abroad. We have to leave our motherland to go abroad for study. Unlike our home, there will be no one to look after us. We may feel home sick.  We have to work a lot for survive and bow our head with foreigners. We feel isolated even in the crowd of foreigners.

To sum up, there are more advantages of going to study abroad than its disadvantages.                              

Note:

This is just the supplementary material for the students

but

can’t be the whole