Note:
This is just the supplementary material for the students
but
can’t be the whole
Grandmother
Ray young Bear is a great
personality in the field of English literature. The poet has given many
contributions in the field of English literature by composing many poems. The
poet is also known as a person
of having undue mind of composing poems. With the help of this poem the poet has
given a message that old are loving, kind and source of inspiration.
The
poet has used 4 sense verbs to describe his grandmother. If he saw her from a
mile away, he would know her because she was always wearing purple scarf and
carrying plastic shopping bag. If he felt her hands, he would know her because
they were warm and with the smelling roots. If he heard her voice coming from a
rock, he would know it was her voice because these words are flowing into her
body. They are still fresh in his mind. Lastly, he compares her with sleeping
fire because she had always been giving useful information to him up to the end
of her life.
Through
this poem, the poet has also tried to reflect the poor socio-economic and
miserable condition of Mesquaki Tribal people.
Some
questions
The
four things that Ray Young Bear remembers about his grandmother are purple
scarf, plastic shopping bag, her hands and her voice.
2.
What
is the main idea of the poem Grandmother by Ray Young Bear?
The
main idea of the poem grandmother is that love and kindness never dies.
Although the poet’s grandmother is no longer in this world, she has become a
source of inspiration for the poet. He says she is all-loving, all inspiring.
3.
What
are the images used in the poem ‘Grandmother’ and to what senses do these
images appeal?
In
this poem, the poet has used various images such as ‘her shape’, ‘purple
scarf’, ‘the light’ etc, appealing the sense of sight, ‘warm and damp’ to the
sense of feeling, ‘the smell of roots’ to the sense of smelling and ‘voice and
her words’ to the sense of hearing.
The
Lamentation of the Old Pensioner
W.
B. Yeast
W.
B. Yeast is a great personality in the field of English literature. The poet
has given many contributions in the field of English literature by composing
many poems. The poet is also known as a person of having undug mind of
composing poems. With the help of this poem the poet has given a message that
time is a great thing that makes change in everything.
Man
has made many things to pass their life. Because of it they are able to control
over many things but they haven’t been able to control over time. Here, in the
poem the changes that the time has brought are presented. It is a comparison
between youth and old.
When
the poet was young, he was powerful, valuable, and handsome. Everybody used to
love him. He had many friends and girlfriends to talk about love and politics.
In short his past days were full with joy and happiness. But today he is old.
Now he is powerless, ugly and nobody loves him. He has neither friends nor
girlfriends to talk with. He feels boring to spend his old days. He has lost
everything except the old memory of his youth days. So, he compares old age with
a broken tree.
Now
he is very angry with the time because it has grabbed his golden youth days
from his hands and changed him into old, lonely, powerless and hatred old age.
So, he wants to spit into the face of time.
Some
questions
1.
Why does the poet want to spit into the face of
time? 2058
The poet want to spit into the face of time because it has grabbed his
golden youth days from his hands and changed him into old, lonely, powerless
and hatred old age.
2.
How
and why does the old pensioner lament?
The
old pensioner laments by remembering his golden youth days and spitting into
the face of time because it has transfigured his joyous, powerful and valuable
youth into miserable, powerless, ugly and valueless old age.
3. Mention the three things the old
man laments about. Why is he sad about them?
The
three things the old man laments about are his lost power, youth and beauties.
He is sad about them because time has changed him completely to enjoy the
things of youth.
4. What is the speaker lamenting on?
The
speaker is an old man. The time has grabbed his golden youth and changed into
old. He has lost his power, youth and beauties. His present life is painful and
difficult to him. So the speaker is
lamenting on his old age.
5.
Write an essay on youth and age.
v Human life begins from womb and
ends in tomb. But before reaching the tomb we have to pass different stages.
The two major stages in man’s life are youth and age.
Youth is a golden part of life.
When a man becomes young he looks handsome, attractive, ambitious etc. But when
man becomes old he loses the charm of life and feels lonely, tired, neglected,
powerless, aimless etc. W. B. Yeats defines the old age as ‘A Broken Tree’. The
old man has nothing to do in his life so he remembers his past days. The memory
of his past days/life makes his present life more painful and unbearable. Life
is pleasant gift of nature. The old man loses everything he has had. So,
everyone wants to live a long life but no one does want to be old.
Full
Fathom Five thy Father Lies
William Shakespeare
William Shakespeare is a great personality in the field
of English literature. The poet has given many contributions in the field of
English literature by composing many poems. The poet is also known as a person
of having undue mind of composing poems. With the help of this poem the poet
has given a message that death is the
great change.
This is a poetic play titled “the
tempest”. This poem expresses the value
of death. In the poem the prince of Naples is crying on seashore. He thinks
that his father’s dead body is under the sea. A nymph named Ariel sings this
poem to remind him. She says that his father’s dead body is 30 feet below the
sea. His body hasn’t gone waste. His bones are changed into coral, eyes into
pearls and other organs are changed into something valuable. The sea nymphs are
ringing the death bell hourly to glorify his death. So, his death is not an
ordinary but a heroic and meaningful.
Questions:
1. Is death meaningful in this poem?
Yes, the death is meaningful because every part of
the dead body are changed into something valuable and strange. The bones are
changed into coral, eyes into pearls and other organs into something valuable.
The sea nymphs are ringing the death bell hourly.
2. Write an essay on life and art.
Life is a pleasant gift of nature and art is the
imitation and presentation of the life in an artistic way. Art doesn’t only
mean painting or drawing but it also represents our daily activities like
talking, walking, singing, laughing, acting different roles, composing music,
creating different literary works etc.
Art without life is impossible and life without art
is meaningless. So, they are closely related to each other. Life is a mixture
of tear and laugh and art helps to make our life meaningful, joyous and
successful. Art helps to immortalizes both creature and creation. Besides, it
represents the life of contemporary society and situation.
In short, we can conclude that life and art are
complimentary to each other. The existence of one without other is
worthless/valueless.
Travelling
Through the Dark
William Stafford
William Stafford is a great personality
in the field of English literature. The poet has given great contribution in
the field of English literature by composing many poems. The poet is also known
as a person of having undug mind of composing poems. With the help of this poem
the poet has given a message that decision should be quick and as the
situation.
The poet presented a great tension
between two realities, two system of life. There is always conflict between
emotions and realities while making decision. He has given full justice to both
sides of conflict. When the poet was travelling through the Wilson river road,
he saw a dead doe lying at the side of the road. Thinking to push her into the
river he stopped the car and came out. He examined the dead doe and found that
she was pregnant and had recently been killed. The belly of the dead doe was
large and fawn inside was alive but never to be born. He felt pity on the fate
of the fawn but he was also unable to do anything. He was in dilemma and
couldn’t decide what to do and what not to do. The parking lights and the
engine of the car were on. As the night was growing older he heard wild noises.
After thinking seriously he decided to push her into the river thinking that it
couldn’t take birth. So, this is an ironical poem to nature lovers who are
destroying the nature, exploiting animal’s right, killing and showing pity to
them.
Questions
1.
What
is the central idea of the poem “Travelling through the Dark”?
The
central idea of the poem is that men are exploiting animal’s right by killing
innocent animals and destroying the nature by bringing machine in it. This is
an ironical poem to nature lovers who are destroying killing animals and
showing pity to them.
2.
What
is the tone of the poem travelling through the dark?
The
tone of the poem is ironical because so called nature lovers are killing innocent
animals and destroying their shelter with smoke and noise.
3.
Show
how the action develops stanza by stanza in the poem ”Travelling Through the
Dark”
In
the first stanza the poet finds a dead doe on the edge of the Wilson river
road. In the second and third stanzas he examines her and finds alive fawn
inside her belly but never to be born. In the fourth stanza he describes the environment
of the place and in the last stanza and pushes her into the Wilson river.
4.
Do
you agree with what the narrator did? Why?
Yes,
I agree with what the narrator did. Because he had two responsibilities: to
save the fawn and to clean the environment. To save the fawn was above his
power. So, he fulfilled his responsibility by pushing her into the river and
cleaning the environment.
5.
What
does the traveler feel when he touches a dead doe?
When
he touches the dead doe, he feels that it is recently killed pregnant doe with
alive fawn inside her belly. Her body is already stiff and almost cold. He also
feels pity about the fawn never to be born.
God’s Grandeur
G. M. Hopkins
1. Write a summary of the poem “God’s Grandeur”. Or
Write the central idea/theme of the poem “God’s
Grandeur”.
God’s Grandeur is a famous
poem/sonnet composed by an English poet G. M. Hopkins. In this poem he praises
the magnificence and glory of god in the world. The world is creation of the
god and the god is found everywhere but still men are unaware of god’s greatness.
They have become selfish and materialistic. They don’t believe in god. Men are
busy in their own trade and destroying the beauty of the nature but it is never
emptied. It renews in every spring because the god broods over the world to
protect us. So, the poet stresses that we shouldn’t forget the glory of the god
because he is the creature and protector of the world.
2.
Give
reason why men are unaware of the greatness of the god?
Men
are unaware of the greatness of the god because they have become selfish and
materialistic. They are busy on their own trade and they haven’t realized the
importance and value of god and god’s anger/punishment.
The Tell- Tale Heart
Edgar Allan Poe
Edgar
Allan Poe's story 'the tell tale heart' is a psychological story. The boy and
the old man are the main characters of this story. The boy is also the narrator
of this story. Through this story the writer wants to give a message that crime
never hides and we are always responsible for it. The story develops in this
way:
The
boy lives with the old man in his house. His sense of hearing is sharp.
According him, the old man has the eyes of vulture. Whenever he sees his eyes
he becomes irritated, afraid and horrified. So, he decides to kill him and
destroy his eyes. He tries every night and on the eighth night he kills the old
man, cuts him into pieces and hides under the wooden floor. But he forgets to
remove the watch from the old man's wrist. Three polices come for the
investigation. The boy tells them the old man is out now and he is alone in the
house. They can't find any symbol of crime. He sits on a seat over the old
man's corpse and police sits around him and talk. He listens the sound made by
the watch of the old man but as a mentally sick person he thinks the sound as
the old man's heart beating. He tries to kill the sound by speaking loudly and
moving the chair here and there but he can't. He sees the police officers
laughing and talking. So, he thinks that they know everything and at last he
confesses his crime without any compulsion.
Questions
1. Do you think the boy is mad? Give
reasons.
Yes,
I think the boy is mad. Because he;
- kills an innocent old man
without any reasons,
- can't think that dead man's
heart never beats,
- confess his crime without any
compulsion.
2. What made the narrator to confess his crime?
The
sound of the watch, his nervous disease and the police officers laugh made him
to confess his crime.
3.
Why
did the boy kill the old man?
The
boy didn't like the old man's vulture eyes. So, he killed him to get rid of the
eyes.
4.
Justify
the title ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’.
The
literal meaning of the phrase ‘the tell tale heart’ is the heart that discloses
the secret. In this story also the narrator confessed his crime at last. So the
title seems to be appropriate.
5.
Sketch
the character of the boy. {Long}
v
The
boy is the narrator and main character of the story ‘The Tell-Tale Heart’ by
Edgar Allen Poe. He says that he is not a mad but in fact he is victim of
mental sickness. His sense of hearing is acute. He lives in an old man’s house.
He likes him but he doesn’t like his eyes. So he kills the innocent old man
without any reasons. He seems clever and wise because he hides the corpse under
the wooden floor and leaves no symbol of crime. He talks wisely with police
officers and lies them to hide the crime. Being mentally disordered he can’t
distinguish the sound of heart beat and of watch and at last he confesses his
crime to the police officers.
The
Last Voyage of the Ghost Ship
G.G. Marquez
The story ‘The Last Voyage of the Ghost Ship’
by G.G. Marquez is a presentation of stream of consciousness technique. This
story describes the growth of an ordinary boy to an assertive young man.
Generally children are not listened in our society even if they speak truth.
This condition is also presented in this story.
One day, at the night of March, an ordinary
boy saw a very big ship moving towards the village. It didn’t have any lights
and it didn’t make any sounds. Because of no lights, it couldn’t find the
correct path. It hit the rock, broke and sank into the sea without any noises.
The next day the boy didn’t see anything so he thought it was a dream.
Exactly
one year later he again saw the ship. This time he told about it to his mother but
she didn’t believe him. She promised to see the ship next year but
unfortunately she died sitting on a new chair on that night. Other four women
also died sitting on the same chair. So, the villagers threw it into the river.
Now the boy became helpless and started to
steal food for living. He was in the process of growing up. Few years later, he
again saw the ship and called the villagers to see it but it had already broken
and sank into the sea before they arrived there. They couldn’t see anything. So,
they beat him thinking as lire. Next year he planned to prove himself as not
lire by showing the ship to the villagers. So, he stole a boat and took it
where he had seen the ship in previous years. When the ship arrived there, he
lit a light and the ship began to follow the boat to the village. It also
produced loud noise. All the villagers came and saw the ship and they believed
the boy.
Questions
1. Describe the Ghost Ship.
The
Ghost Ship was very big. It was 20 times taller than the steeple of the church and
97 times longer than the village. It didn’t have any lights and it didn’t make
any noises. It used to appear in the march at night.
2. Why did the boy have to prove who
he was?
The
boy had to prove who he was because the villagers didn’t believe him when he
told about the existence of the ghost ship. Moreover, he wanted to win the
belief of the villagers.
3. What does the refrain of the boy”
Now they are going to see who I am” mean?
It
means that he wanted to prove the existence of the large ghost ship to the
people who didn’t believe him and prove himself not as lire but as a young
assertive man.
4. Why did the people hate him?
People
hated him because he was orphan, support less and a son of the widow who had
brought the evil chair in the village. Moreover he was also the lire in the
eyes of people \ villagers.
5. Why does no one else know of the
ship’s existence?
No
one else knows of the ship’s existence because it’s only the imagination of the
boy but not a real ship.
6. What made the boy strong and
courageous?
Isolation,
anger, patience and time made the boy strong and courageous.
7.
Narrate the story of a boy’s
growth from an ordinary boy to an assertive young man.
v
When
the narrator was a small boy, he saw a very big ship for the first time. As he
was a small boy he was immature and he didn’t believe himself. When he saw the
ship second time after a year he believed himself and told his mother about the
ship. She didn’t believe him and promised to see the ship next year with him
but she died sitting in an evil chair before the time came. Few years later, he
saw the ship third time and told it to the villagers but they didn’t believe
and beat him for lying them. They also hated him.
The
boy was in the process of growing up. One night in March he took a boat to the
place where he had seen the ship in the past years. When the ship arrived there
the boy lit a lamp on his boat. The ship followed him and he led the ship on
the ground by the village. Everybody in the village saw the ship and believed
him. In this way he proved himself as an assertive young man from an ordinary
boy. It took time, energy, strong determination and patience for him to be an
assertive man.
I have a Dream
Martin Luther King
This
essay is a political speech made by Martin Luther King. The purpose of his
speech is to avoid racial discrimination between whites and blacks and to
provide freedom, justice and equality to all as promised in American constitution.
He says the constitution of the America promises equal rights and freedom to
all men. But Negroes aren’t free and don’t have equal rights as the whites.
The
condition of the black is still miserable. They are not given any
opportunities, freedom and equality. They are living life of second class
people within the same country. King says the Negroes are asking for freedom and
equal rights but they must ask without using violence {peacefully}.
He
says he has a dream that one day the Negroes will be free and will have
equality. People won’t be judged by the color of their skin but by actions,
characters etc. He hopes that one day, all people will be able to join hands
and sing that we are free.
Questions
1.
What
is the apparent purpose of Martin Luther King’s speech?
The
apparent purpose of his speech is to avoid racial discrimination between whites
and blacks and to provide freedom, justice and equality to all as promised in
American constitution
2.
What
is the condition of black in America as mentioned by Martin Luther King in his
speech?
The
condition of the black is still miserable. They are not given any opportunities,
freedom and equality. They are living life of second class people within the
same country.
3.
What
is the dream of Martin Luther King’s speech?
He
has a dream that one day the Negroes will be free and will have equality. People
won’t be judged by the color of their skin but by actions, characters etc. He
hopes that one day, all people will be able to join hands and sing that we are
free.
4.
What
is the historical significance of Martin Luther King’s speech?
It
has a great historical significance. During the time there was color
discrimination. He made his speech to bring the whites and blacks into racial
harmony. After his speech the black became free and got freedom.
About Love
Anton Chekhov
It
is a story of Anton Chekhov. The writer has expressed three kinds of love
affairs from the mouth of narrator. Alyohin, the narrator of this story is an
unsuccessful lover. So he defines love as hindrance, source of dissatisfaction
and irritation. This story also says that love is different in every situation
and It is not bounded by marital relation, color, cast, age, prestige, physical
relation.
At
first he tells a love affair between two servants Nikanor and Pelegeya.
Pelegeya was a beautiful young girl. Nikanor was not handsome. He used to drink
wine and beat her. He was religious and wanted to marry her but she didn’t like
to marry him. She wanted to live with him just so. Such affair can’t be
accepted by our society and culture. This is a violent love affair.
Then he tells his
own love affairs. When he was a student, he fell in love with a university
girl. She only loved his property but not him. He lost much money. His father
used to spend his money by taking debts. This is property/money attraction love
affair.
When he completed
his study he had to pay the debts. So he went to the village {Sofyino} and
started farming. Sometimes later he was elected as a judge. He made many
friends in town and Luganovich was one. Once, Luganovich invited Alyohin to his
house for dinner. He met Anna Alexevna, Luganovich’s wife. She was very
beautiful, kind, and had sweet voice and polite behavior. Unknowingly Alyohin
and Anna feel in love with each other. They couldn’t express their love because
of the fatal result of the society and their future. Because of the unexpressed
love Anna suffered from mental sickness. She had to go Crimea for treatment. At
last he met her in the train. They kissed each other and expressed their love.
Then they separated forever. This is spiritual but unexpressed love affair.
Questions
1. How does Alyohin define love?
Alyohin
is the narrator and the main character of the story. He defines love as
hindrance, source of dissatisfaction and irritation.
2.
What
kinds of love experiences are suggested by Alyohin in ‘About Love’?
Three
kinds of love experiences are suggested by Alyohin in ‘About Love’. The first
is violent love affair between Nikanor and Pelegeya. The second is property
attraction love affair between Alyohin and a university girl. The third is
spiritual but unexpressed love between Alyohin himself and a university girl.
3.
Why
couldn’t Alyohin and Anna express their love to each other?
They
couldn’t express their love to each other because of the fatal result of the
society and their future. Their love affair may destroy the life of Anna, her
family and Alyohin.
4.
What
is the effect of unexpressed love in Anna Alexevna?
Because
of the unexpressed love, Anna Alexevna suffered from mental sickness. Her
behavior changed. At last she had to go Crimea for treatment.
Hansel
and Gretel
Jacob and Wilhelm
Grimn
Hansel
and Gretel is a fairy tale written by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimn. Through this
story they want to give a message that autocracy and cruelty will not remain
anymore.
Hansel
and Gretel used to live with their father and stepmother. Their father was
woodcutter and they were very poor. Once there was a famine in the village and
the family had no food to eat. The stepmother was cruel to the children. So,
she forced her husband to leave the children into the forest. The father didn’t
agree first, but finally she persuaded him. The children heard their parents’
Planning and Hansel (the brother) went out filled hid pockets with shining
pebbles in the moonlight. Early next morning, they took the children into the
forest. On the way, Hansel kept on dropping shining pebbles one by one. When
they reached to the forest, their parents made a fire and asked them to wait
until they returned there. But they didn’t return. When the moon shone, they
came back home following the shining pebbles. The father became happy but the
mother become angry.
Sometime later they
had no food again. This time also the parents took them into the forest again.
This time Hansel didn’t have shining pebbles. So he dropped small pieces of
bread on the way. However, birds ate the pieces of bread so they couldn’t find
their way to the home. They walked on and on and lost in the forest. On the
third day they followed a white bird and reached to the house made of bread,
cake and sugar. When they began to eat it, an old woman came out of the house
and took them in. she gave them good food to eat and nice bed to sleep.
The
woman was witch was only pretending to be so kind. In fact she was a wicked
witch who wanted to eat and kill them. In the next morning she locked Hansel in
a shed and ordered Gretel to do house work and feed Gretel until he gets fat.
One day the witch asked the Gretel to go into the oven to see if it was heated
or not. But the clever Gretel understood her trick and asked the witch to show
how to do it. Then, when she put her head into the hot oven, Gretel pushed her
into the fire and killed her. In this way, she freed her brother and both of
them returned home with a lot of jewels. Their stepmother had already died.
Afterwards, they lived happily with their own forever.
Questions
1. Why was the father not quite
willing to accept his wife’s proposal to leave the children in the forest?
The
father was not quite willing to accept his wife’s proposal to leave the
children in the forest because he loved them very much. But his cruel wife
persuaded him to accept the proposal.
2. Why did the parents plan to leave
Hansel and Gretel in the forest?
The
parents planned to leave Hansel and Gretel in the forest because of the
shortage of food. The father was a poor woodcutter who was unable to earn the
bread to his family at the time of famine.
3. What did the son Hansel do in the
first night after hearing his parents’ plan to leave them in the forest?
He
gave sympathy to his sister Gretel. Then he went out and filled his pocket with
shining pebbles in the moonlight. Then he came into the house.
4. How did the pebbles help them to
return their parent’s home?
In
the moonlight the pebbles glittered like silver pieces and they returned to
their parents’ home following the pebbles which Hansel had dropped earlier on
the way to forest.
5. How did Hansel and Gretel reach
to witch’s house?
Hansel
and Gretel reached to witch’s house by following a white bird.
6. Who was the old woman and what
was her intention to entice (allure) the children?
The
old woman was a wicked witch and her intention to entice the children was to
kill and eat them.
7. How did Hansel and Gretel free
themselves from the witch? {important}
The
witch asked the Gretel to go into the oven to see if the oven was heated or
not. But the clever Gretel understood her trick and asked her to show how to do
it. Then, when she put her head into the hot oven, Gretel pushed her into the
fire and killed her. In this way they freed themselves from the witch. Or
The
clever Gretel killed the witch with a trick by pushing her into the hot oven
and they freed themselves from the witch.
8. What did the children bring to
their house from the witch’s house?
They
brought a lot of jewels and pearls to their house from the witch’s house.
9. What do the bird and the expanse
of water symbolize in the fairy tale “Hansel and Gretel”?
The
bird and the expanse of water both symbolize hardship in the fairy tale “Hansel
and Gretel”. 0r
·
The
bird symbolizes the spirit of bad evil which takes\ leads Hansel and Gretel to the witch’s house but another bird (dove)
symbolizes the angle of god which helps them to cross the pond at the time of
difficulty. On the other hand the expanse of water symbolizes the crossing of
painful life and starting of happy life.
Hurried Trip to Avoid a Bad Star
Lilla and Barry
This essay is a travel experience
done by two American geographers in Karnali zone. They spent 15 months visiting
the rural part of Karnali. While they were there they have studied lifestyle of
the people. They have pointed out the problems and have given suggestions to
solve them.
Karnali is hinder land of Nepal.
Most of the people of Karnali are poor. They are uneducated, conservative and
traditional minded. Their lifestyle is challenging and miserable. Because of
geographical condition, it is far behind in development, transportation,
schools, hospitals and other modern facilities. The land is not productive.
They depend on south lowland for food, job, education and other business. Their
trade is linked with hand to mouth service. They bring medical herbs, hashish,
hand-knit sweaters, blankets, silajit etc. in the Nepalgunj and sell them going
door to door. With the money they buy necessary goods like rice, oil, spices
clothes, iron, gold etc. They are unaware about the environment and future
generations. They don’t know the effect of deforestation like floods,
landslides, etc. So they are clearing the forests to feet their animals and
other purposes.
To improve the condition of Karnali
people, many kinds of facilities like education, communication, transportation,
health and job opportunities should be provided to them.
Questions
1.
How
is Karnali linked economically with the low land region to the south,
Nepalgunj?
The
Karnali is linked economically with the low land region to the south,
Nepalgunj. The people of Karnali sell medical herbs, hashish, hand-knit
sweaters, blankets, silajit etc. in the Nepalgunj. With the money they buy
necessary goods like rice, oil, spices clothes, iron, gold etc. They also go
there for job, education etc.
2.
What
does the skeleton looking SAL trees indicate about the exploitation of nature?
It
indicates that they are unaware about the environment and future generations.
They don’t know the effects of deforestation like floods, landslides, acid rain
etc.
Two Long-Term Problems
Moti Nissani
This
essay describes about two burning problems of the world: over population and
deforestation. These two problems are
linked to each other. The scientists of the world are worried about them.
The
population of the world is growing very rapidly. People are living longer and
more children are being born because of medical science. Child marriage, multi
marriage and socio-cultural values are also responsible for it. The growing
population is clearing the forests for farmland, timbers and other purposes.
The world’s resources are being used up. The environment has been polluted.
Many types of plants and animals are disappearing. The world’s climate is
getting worse. Many kinds of diseases are appearing. This has created a great
problem for all human beings.
To
control over-growing population, education- especially for women about how to
avoid more babies must be given. Besides this, we should motivate them for
family planning. They should be given chance of employment. If we control over
population and make strict law against deforestation, the forests as well as
the whole environment will be automatically saved.
Over
population.
The
increasing number of population is called over population. As the size of
population is increasing so the area of land is decreasing. People use many
resources to fulfill their needs. In some countries there is a system of child
marriage, multi marriage which causes over population. Because of being
uneducated, they follow old cultures, traditions and have many children.
Because
of this it may create many problems. The condition of people will be even
worse. Towns and cities become crowed and polluted. It may cause increasing
criminal activities. The scarcity of food and increased number of diseases
cause loss of life. To solve the problems created by over population:
1.
Education on family life should be given to young people.
2.
We should raise awareness on the effect of over ‘population.
3.
People should be given a chance of employment.
4.
Programme of family planning to be made easy to get.
5.
Strict law must be made against child and multi marriage.
Deforestation,
The
rate of decreasing trees is called deforestation. To fulfill the needs of
growing population many resources are being used up every day. For the shelter,
farmland, herbs and timbers forests are being cleared. Some developmental
activities have been carried out this also cause deforestation.
People
are facing many problems of it. It has caused landslide, flood, and misbalance
of water cycle. The temperature is increasing which causes acid rain and
melting of ice zone. We may not get plenty of oxygen. Islands will be immersed
if the sea level is increased.
We
should follow these ideas to control it.
1.
We should raise awareness on the important of forest.
2.
People should be employed in any sector.
3.
They should be given education.
4.
Government should make stick law against deforestation..
5.
Alternative source of energy to be used.
6.
Concept of community forest should be brought in practice.
The
children who wait
Marsha Traugot
The essay ‘The Children Who Wait’ is written by
Marsha Traugot. This essay describes what is happening to the children in the
United States who do not have parents. These children need to be adopted by
other families. In the past only healthy, white and baby below five years were
adopted for American childless white couples. But now the scene has been
changed. The white couples have started to adopt black, handicapped, sick,
disabled and children above five years like Tammy.
The responsible factors for changes are black civil
right movements, birth control, change in social values, economic crises, right
to abortion etc. Due to above factor it was very difficult to find healthy
white children. Therefore, the American childless couples want to adopt any
kind of children these days.
When it is not easy for the government to find
people who want to adopt a particular child, they put advertisements about the
child on television and in newspapers. These advertisements help a child to
find a new home.
Questions
1. What does the government do if it
cannot find a home for a child?
If
the government cannot find a home for a child it put advertisements about the
child on television and in newspapers. These advertisements help a child to
find a new home.
2.
Who
does Marsha Traugot refer to as the children who wait?
The
children who wait refer to those parentless and homeless children waiting to be
adopted by others.
3.
What
kinds of parents are considered better to adopt the children?
Generally,
single parent or couples having no child are considered better to adopt the
children.
4.
According
to Traugot’s essay ‘The Children Who Wait’ what changes are transferring in the
American adoption scene? What are the factors responsible for the change?
In
the past only healthy, white and baby below five years were adopted for
American childless white couples. But now the scene has been changed. The white
couples have started to adopt black, handicapped, sick, disabled and children
above five years like Tammy. The factors responsible for change are black civil
right movements, birth control, change in social values, economic crises, right
to abortion etc. Due to above factor it was very difficult to find healthy
white children. Therefore, the American childless couples want to adopt any
kind of children these days.
Purgatory
W.B. Yeats
Purgatory is a drama based on the theme that we are
always punished for our sins. If a man does immoral things or sins while he is
alive he suffers a lot in purgatory. It is a place into which the soul passes
after the death to be cleansed of pardonable sins before going to heaven. In
the drama, the old man mother’s soul is suffering in purgatory. He is trying to
make it free from the purgatory. The scene of the drama is that there are two
characters; an old man and his son standing in front of the burnt house.
The old man tells his son about the destruction of
the house and his family. The old man says that his father was a groom in a
stable. He married the daughter of his master but the girl’s parents were
against the relation. After the marriage he started to spend the money of her
wife on wine, woman and cards. She died after giving a birth of son. The same
son is telling a story to his son. Every year he sees the soul of his mother
weeping on windows. He thinks that his father is the cause of it. One day his
father drank a lot and burnt the house. So he killed his father with a knife
and threw into the fire. He was 16 then. Now his son is also 16. He blames his
father for not caring him properly. Then he grabs the old man’s bag of money
and threatens him to kill if he doesn’t give him the share. The old man doesn’t
want to give the money to his son. The old man feels that the son will kill him
and the circle of killing will continue in his family. So to stop the circle of
violence {killing}, he kills his own son. He still sees the soul of her mother
and praises the god to release her soul from the heaven.
Questions
1.
Why
did the old man kill his own son?
The
old man killed his own son to stop the circle of violence {killing} which
passes from generation to generation. Moreover he didn’t want to give any
property to his son but the son demanded his share.
2. What is purgatory?
It
is a place into which the soul passes after the death to be cleansed of
pardonable sins before going to heaven.
3. Why did the old man kill his own
father?
The
old man killed his own father because his father lost all the property of his
mother on women, wine and cards. He didn’t care his son properly and also burnt
his house.
4. Do you think Yeats believed in
life after death?
Yes,
in my opinion Yeats believed in life after death. There are some proofs.
Firstly the title of the drama ‘Purgatory’ suggests that death is not the end;
the soul never dies. Secondary, he has talked about the spirits of the dead
father and mother visiting the house. Thirdly, he has talked about sins.
Lastly, he has prayed to the god for the purification of her mother’s soul from
the purgatory.
Women Business
Ilene Kantrov
In this essay the writer has introduced some
successful business women from USA. She says that women can do as well as males
if they are experienced, and get equal opportunities as the men. She has
written about Lydia E Pinkham and some other business women who have become
successful in business.
Lydia Pinkham: In 1879 she invented and sold an
herbal medicine called vegetable compound. She advertised it and promised that
it could cure women’s problems like infertility, hysteria, nervousness, falling
of worm etc. She also advised women on diet, exercise and hygiene. Moreover she
supported on women rights, temperance (to save from alcohol), and economic
changes. She earned a lot of money and name from the business. She first began
to sell her products to support her family economically after the collapse of
her husband’s real estate business. Later on many women followed her footsteps
and became successful. They started the business of cosmetics, hotel and so on.
Women’s business was only for women. According to the essayist men’s business
were only for profit but women’s business were for both profit and social service.
Questions
1.
Why
did Lydia Pinkham first began to sell her products?
She
first began to sell her products to support her family economically after the
collapse of her husband’s real estate business.
2.
What
is the main idea/theme of the essay Women Business?
The
main idea/theme of the essay Women Business is that women can do as well as men
if they are experienced, and get equal opportunities as the men. To prove this
she has written about Lydia E Pinkham and some other business women who have
become successful in business.
3.
Write
an essay on ‘The changing status of woman in Nepal. Or Write an essay on
‘Position of Women in Your Society’.
v
It
is said that men and women are the two wheels of a cart. In the absence of one,
the existence of another is not possible. Both have vital role for the
development of any society. They should share equal rights and freedom. But it
is limited only in saying but not in practice.
Our society is traditional and
male dominated one. Women are not treated well. They are not given good
education, freedom, equality and other many opportunities. Women in our society
are limited within the four walls of the house and kitchen sinking business.
They are simply taken as an object of sexual entertainment and child bearing
machine but not as human beings.
But, Nepalese society has been
changing slowly. Some of the women have taken part in constitutional assembly
and other places too. They have started to come out the four walls demanding
the equality, freedom and various opportunities for them. As a whole, the
position of women in our society is developing gradually.
A story
Dylan Thomas
A
small boy, who lives with his uncle and aunt, is the story teller. In this
story he describes his uncle, aunt, uncle’s friends and the outing. His uncle
is very big, fat, and dirty. He often drops food while eating. He is very loud
and has red hair. He likes playing cards, drinking wine and going outing with
friends. But his aunt is small, slim and quiet. She likes to keep house neat
and clean. She hates drinking and going outing. They have good relation because
she loves cares and feeds her husband and he also loves her. But at the time of
outing she quarrels with her husband to stop it but she can’t. So, she goes to
her mother’s house. Outing is their annual programme and she always goes to her
mother’s house at the time of outing.
The friends of his uncle are not less
than his uncle. They also like playing cards, drinking much and going outing.
Last year Mr. Bob misused the money for outing. This year Mr. Franklyn is
keeping the money for outing. So, Will Sentry is following him everywhere to
make sure that he won’t misuse the money for this year outing.
They start their journey to Porthcawl in
the morning. The boy also joins the outing because there was no one in house to
look after him. They stop their bus to every public house and drink too much
alcohol. The boy has to stay out because children are not allowed in public
house. They also enjoy swimming in a river near the Porthcawl. In the evening
they cook food with a kerosene stove in a field, sit in circle and eat. At last
they return home at late midnight without reaching to the destination point.
1.
What
is the reason for which Will Sentry always followed Mr. Franklyn?
Last
year Mr. Bob misused the money for outing. This year Mr. Franklyn is keeping
the money for outing. So, Will Sentry is following him everywhere to make sure
that he won’t misuse the money for this year outing.
The Boarding House
James Joyce
Mrs.
Mooney is the vital character of the story ‘The Boarding House’ by James Joyce.
She was the daughter of butcher. She married with her father’s foreman
(worker). After the death of her father her husband drank wine and spent a lot
of property. One day he tried to kill her with a knife. Then she divorced him
and started to live separately with children. She also sold the butcher shop
and started the boarding house in Hardwicke Street. Many tourists, Musicians,
officers, artists would come to stay there. Her son Jack was a clerk in an
office and her daughter used to work in the boarding house. Her daughter Polly
was a beautiful girl of 19 with slim body, long hair, grey eyes and small full
mouth. Polly had love affair with Mr. Doran, who was a resident of the boarding
house and an office holder. Mrs. Mooney was watching it very carefully. One day
she asked Polly about their relation and she told everything honestly. Mr.
Doran didn’t want to marry her because she was uneducated girl, who didn’t know
English, and the daughter of stupid, drunkard father. One day Mrs. Mooney
called Mr. Doran and said him to compensate his mistake by marrying Polly. He
didn’t want to lose his prestige and job so he agreed to marry Polly. It seems
that she was very wise woman and responsible mother, who was able to give the
bright future of the conjugal life to her daughter.
1.
Why
didn’t Mr. Doran want to marry Polly Mooney?
Mr.
Doran didn’t want to marry her because she was uneducated girl, who didn’t know
English, and the daughter of stupid, drunkard father.
A Child is Born
Germaine Greer
This essay ‘A Child is Born’ is
written by Germaine Greer. In this essay she shows many differences between
tradition and modern societies in terms of pregnancy, childbirth, childbirth
and position of women.
In
traditional society pregnant woman is helped by the whole family. She feels
free from mental burden. She gives birth to a child at home. Children and
mother mortality rate is high due to lack of modern technology. There is the
celebration after the child born. The whole family looks after the child. Woman
gives birth to the child under the pressure of family, even she is not
interested.
There
is no identity of women in traditional society. Before the marriage, she is
called the daughter of someone. After marriage, she is called wife of someone.
When she gives birth to a child, she is called by the name of the child.
Moreover, woman is given her husband’s surname.
In modern society pregnant woman is
not helped by the whole family. Only her husband helps her. She visits
hospitals and follows the doctor’s advice. She gives birth to a child in hospital.
Children and mother mortality rate is low due to the availability of modern
technology. There is no celebration after the child birth. Only parents look
after the child. Woman gives birth to the child as her wish only.
Write a police description of the person you have chosen.
Here is a description of a person
who has escaped from the prison this morning. The man is in his late twenties.
He is slightly built and about five feet six inches tall. He has got short
black hair, big eyebrows, long pointed nose and round face with wheat brown
completion. His eyes are black and there is a small mole on his right check. He
is well dressed in black T-Shirt and white jeans. Anyone who sees him is
requested to notify the police immediately.
Write 120 -180 words
on jealousy.
Jealousy means to be jealous,
unhappy or angry at the success of others. It is a kind of human feeling. Those
people who become jealous at the success, prosperity, fortune etc. of others
wish that the success would be their own.
It is the nature of human beings since they want to be more successful
than others.
There are both advantages and
disadvantages of jealousy. Because of this, people work hard to become
successful than others. Modern development of science and technology has become
possible because of the jealousy and dissatisfaction of human beings. However,
there are many disadvantages of it. Being jealous to others success, people
involves in crimes, sins, and other bad and immoral activities. Instead of
working hard they don’t hesitate to pull down the successful one. Jealousy
makes people selfish, cruel and unsocial. So, we should have positive jealous
to others and work hard to become success in life.
Write an essay on
“Habits”.
Habits are the regular activities
of people. If we do some activities regularly for sometimes, we become
habituated. Many people have different kinds of habits. Some people have good
habits of working hard, reading books and newspapers, helping others on the
other hands some people have bad habits of smoking, drinking, gambling etc.
Habits are not inborn qualities.
We form habits in different stages of our life. We imitate many activities of
our parents, seniors, relatives, friends and those activities become our
habits. Once we form habits, they are very difficult to break. Thus, if we once
form bad habits like smoking, drinking, taking drugs etc, they are not easy to
improve. So, we should be conscious
while making friends and the bad results of such habits. Childhood is the most
important and critical stage to form habits so the related authorities should
pay more attention to them.
Bad habits are the sign of
failure and good habits are the sign of success. So, we should always imitate
good habits and try to avoid bad habits.
Write
a paragraph telling either your own or the other person’s success story.
Success
neither comes riding horse nor by ringing bell. It is the result of hard work.
All people in the world aren’t successful. Only those who overcome the troubles
keeping them under feet get success in life. I’ve a friend, whose name is Sadhunath
Devkota. He has become successful in many ways. He was born in the remote part
of Syangja district. Because of his hard work, he passed S.L.C. with good marks.
Then he joined P.N. campus, Pokhora and completed I.Com. And B.B.S. from the
beginning of his college life, he took part in many games and never secured
second position. Moreover, he has kept National record in five kilometers
running tournament and selected as a national player of running. Now, he is
also a national football player of Nepal. Therefore, one should be laborious
and determined to become a successful person in life. {146 words}
Write
advantages and disadvantages of having television.
Television is an audio-visual
electronic device mainly for communication and entertainment. It has both
advantages and disadvantages.
The main advantage of having
television is that we can hear and see important current events/news of the
world sitting in a small room. It widens our minds since it is the source of
knowledge and information. We can learn the culture custom, tradition and
religion of the world. It provides entertainment through different programmes
and helps to advertise different products.
It has many disadvantages too.
People kill their valuable time watching television all the time. Students
forget to read books. People imitate bad cultures, fashions etc from it.
Sometimes it helps to spread crime, violence horror and pornography. We have to
pay large bill for it and electricity. It also badly affects our eye sight.
Write advantages
and disadvantages of having telephone.
Telephone is the modern device
used for talking with the people who are far in distance. It has many advantages
& disadvantages too.
Advantages: It makes us easier to talk with
any people of the world by Sitting in our small room. We can save our valuable
time with the help of telephone. The most important advantage of telephone is
that it is very much useful at the time of emergency like an accident, robbery,
fire and so on. It is the great help for the busy people like businessmen,
politicians, doctors etc.
Disadvantages: We have to pay large bill for
it. We are frequently disturbed by bluff calls and miss calls. Now a days, the
rate of crime is increasing with the help of telephone. Sometimes the ringing
tone of the mobile badly affects the teaching learning environment of the
classroom.
Write advantages
and disadvantages of going to study abroad.
Going
to foreign countries is called going abroad. When we go to abroad to study, we
have some advantages. We can get better education because of the advanced
technology and education system. There will be better job opportunities as well
if we study abroad. We can share our knowledge, experiences, cultures,
languages, religions and life styles with foreigners. It broadens our
minds.
There
are also some disadvantages of going abroad. We have to leave our motherland to
go abroad for study. Unlike our home, there will be no one to look after us. We
may feel home sick. We have to work a
lot for survive and bow our head with foreigners. We feel isolated even in the
crowd of foreigners.
To sum
up, there are more advantages of going to study abroad than its disadvantages.
Note:
This
is just the supplementary material for the students
but
can’t
be the whole
